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Emraan Hashmi shares an emotional post after his son is declared cancer-free. This Principal has a unique solution to make schoolbags lighter. Their view is that the Christian injunctions against cousin marriage were due more to ideology than to any conscious desire to acquire wealth. For some prominent examples of cousin marriages in ancient Rome, such as the marriage of Octavian's daughter to his sister's son, see the Julio-Claudian family tree. Marcus Aurelius also married his maternal first cousin Faustina the Younger , and they had 13 children.
Cousin marriage was more frequent in Ancient Greece , and marriages between uncle and niece were also permitted there. A Greek woman who became epikleros , or heiress with no brothers, was obliged to marry her father's nearest male kin if she had not yet married and given birth to a male heir. First in line would be either her father's brothers or their sons, followed by her father's sisters' sons.
It really is OK to fancy your cousin
From the seventh century, the Irish Church only recognized four degrees of prohibited kinship , and civil law fewer. This persisted until after the Norman conquests in the 11th century and the synod at Cashel in Cousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War. This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions, like those between a man and his deceased wife's sister, to consanguineous unions. By the s, Lewis Henry Morgan — was writing about "the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons" and the necessity of avoiding "the evils of consanguine marriage", avoidance of which would "increase the vigor of the stock".
To many, Morgan included, cousin marriage, and more specifically parallel-cousin marriage, was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization. In , Massachusetts Governor George N. Briggs appointed a commission to study mentally handicapped people termed " idiots " in the state. This study implicated cousin marriage as responsible for idiocy. Within the next two decades, numerous reports e.
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Perhaps most important was the report of physician Samuel Merrifield Bemiss for the American Medical Association , which concluded cousin inbreeding does lead to the "physical and mental depravation of the offspring". Despite being contradicted by other studies like those of George Darwin and Alan Huth in England and Robert Newman in New York, the report's conclusions were widely accepted.
These developments led to 13 states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the s. Though contemporaneous, the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans. George Louis Arner in considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics, which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques. By the s, the number of bans had doubled. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in that all such laws should be repealed, but no state has dropped its prohibition.
Recent data for Brazil indicate a rate of cousin marriage of 1. Consanguinity has decreased over time and particularly since the 19th century. In the Far East, South Korea is especially restrictive with bans on marriage out to third cousins, with all couples having the same surname and region of origin having been prohibited from marrying until Taiwan , North Korea , and the Philippines also prohibit first-cousin marriage. It is allowed in Japan , though the incidence has declined in recent years. China has banned it since passing its Marriage Law although cross-cousin marriage was commonly practiced in China in the past in rural areas.
Similarly, in Vietnam , Clause 3, Article 10 of the Vietnamese Law on Marriage and Family forbids marriages on people related by blood up to the third degree of kinship. Attitudes in India on cousin marriage vary sharply by region and culture. The family law in India takes into account the religious and cultural practices and they are all equally recognized. For Muslims , governed by uncodified personal law, it is acceptable and legal to marry a first cousin, but for Hindus , it may be illegal under the Hindu Marriage Act , though the specific situation is more complex.
The Hindu Marriage Act makes cousin marriage illegal for Hindus with the exception of marriages permitted by regional custom. Those who do not wish to marry based on the personal laws governed by religious and cultural practices may opt for a marriage under this law. It defines the first-cousin relationship, both parallel and cross, as prohibited. Conflict may arise between the prohibited degrees based on this law and personal law, but in absence of any other laws, it is still unresolved.
Cousin marriage is proscribed and seen as incest for Hindus in North India. In fact, it may even be unacceptable to marry within one's village or for two siblings to marry partners from the same village. However, for some communities in South India , it is common for Hindu cross cousins to marry, with matrilateral cross-cousin mother's brother's daughter marriages being especially favored. These surnames are known as the candidate's gotra lit. Any two candidates who want to marry cannot have a common gotra. The marriage is allowed only when all these shakha branches are different for both the candidates, so this automatically rules out closer cousin marriages.
Practices in West India overall are closer to the northern than the southern, [] but differences exist here again. For instance, in Mumbai , studies done in showed 7. By contrast, in the northern city of New Delhi , only 0.
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At the other extreme, studies done in the South Indian state of Karnataka, which contains Bangalore , during that period show fully one-third of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer. This dichotomy may be a legacy of the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan, when substantial Muslim migration to Pakistan occurred from the eastern parts of the former unified state of Punjab. Most Indian Muslims, by contrast, are the result of Hindus' conversions to Islam in the 16th century or later.
Consanguinity rates were generally stable across the four decades for which data exist, though second-cousin marriage appears to have been decreasing in favor of first-cousin marriage. The Middle East has uniquely high rates of cousin marriage among the world's regions. All Arab countries in the Persian Gulf currently require advance genetic screening for all prospective married couples.
Qatar was the last Persian Gulf nation to institute mandatory screening in , mainly to warn related couples who are planning marriage about any genetic risks they may face. Ahmad Teebi links the increase in cousin marriage in Qatar and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf to tribal tradition and the region's expanding economies. In many Middle Eastern nations, a marriage to the father's brother's daughter FBD is considered ideal, though this type may not always actually outnumber other types.
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If more than one relationship exists between spouses, as often results from successive generations of cousin marriage, only the patrilineal one is counted. Marriage within the lineage is preferred to marriage outside the lineage even when no exact genealogical relationship is known. Of first marriages, only 84 were between couples unable to trace any genealogical relationship between them. Of those, in 64, the spouses were of the same lineage.
However, of 85 marriages to a second or third wife, in 60, the spouses were of different lineages. Female members of the mother's lineage are seen as only loosely related. Finally, the Baggara Arabs favor MBD marriage first, followed by cross-cousin marriage if the cross cousin is a member of the same surra , a group of agnates of five or six generations depth.
Next is marriage within the surra.
Why it's OK to fancy your cousin | Life and style | The Guardian
No preference is shown for marriages between matrilateral parallel cousins. The Netherlands has also had a recent debate that has reached the level of the Prime Minister proposing a cousin marriage ban. The proposed policy is explicitly aimed at preventing "import marriages" from certain nations like Morocco with a high rate of cousin marriage. Critics argue that such a ban would contradict Section 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights , is not based on science, and would affect more than immigrants.
While some proponents argue such marriages were banned until , according to Frans van Poppel of the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, they are confusing cousin marriage with uncle-niece marriage. In Pakistan , cousin marriage is legal and common. Reasons for consanguinity are for economic and cultural reasons. Several states of the United States have bans on cousin marriage. Data on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse.
It was estimated in that 0. To contextualize the group's size, the total proportion of interracial marriages in , the last census year before the end of anti-miscegenation statutes, was 0. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer speculate that legal bans persist in part due to "the ease with which a handful of highly motivated activists—or even one individual—can be effective in the decentralized American system, especially when feelings do not run high on the other side of an issue. A bill to repeal the ban on first-cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in , but it died in committee.
Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response, saying it would "turn us into a cold Arkansas". She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota, namely the Hmong and Somali. In contrast, Maryland delegates Henry B.